Because lytic enzymes directly degrade peptidoglycans, but not proteins, the possibility of the emergence of a resistance mechanism is relatively low. J. Infect. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh427, Hiraki, Y., Yoshida, M., Masuda, Y., Inoue, D., Tsuji, Y., Kamimura, H., et al. Identification of an OprD homologue in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. (2011). In vitro pharmacodynamics of polymyxin B and tigecycline alone and in combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Siderophores have been classified into catecholates, hydroxymates, and a mixed type based on the moiety that donates oxygen ligands to coordinate Fe3+ (Saha et al., 2013). Chemother. 38, 3299–3305. 12:e1005391. Table 1. Diagn. Clin. (2004). Antimicrobial resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates taken from military treatment facilities. 57, 970–974. Antimicrob. Class C β-lactamases pose therapeutic problems because they can confer resistance to cephamycins (cefoxitin and cefotetan), penicillins, cephalosporins, and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, but are not significantly inhibited by clinically used β-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid (Jeon et al., 2015). (2005). MBio 7:e01475–16. A SecA inhibitor (rose bengal) inhibits periplasmic translocation of these carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases, indicating that these β-lactamases are selectively released via a Sec-dependent system (Liao et al., 2015; Chiu et al., 2016). For example, the ability of the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve to protect against MDR A. baumannii infections has been investigated (Asahara et al., 2016). doi: 10.1128/JCM.01759-12, Higgins, P. G., Perez-Llarena, F. J., Zander, E., Fernandez, A., Bou, G., and Seifert, H. (2013). Microb. Agents Chemother. Rev. PLoS Pathog. Diversity in a polymicrobial community revealed by analysis of viromes, endolysins and CRISPR spacers. Microbiol. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00059-12, Bentancor, L. V., Camacho-Peiro, A., Bozkurt-Guzel, C., Pier, G. B., and Maira-Litran, T. (2012a). Tigecycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii mediated by frameshift mutation in plsC, encoding 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Emerg. This aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus had been regarded as a low-grade pathogen, but it is a successful pathogen responsible for opportunistic infections of the skin, bloodstream, urinary tract, and other soft tissues (Peleg et al., 2008). Antimicrob. (2009). Clin. Tigecycline shows a synergistic effect with some classes of antibiotics, such as amikacin (Moland et al., 2008) and colistin (Mutlu Yilmaz et al., 2012). Antimicrob. Tigecycline resistance associated with overexpression of efflux pumps, such as AdeABC, has been reported in clinical isolates of A. baumannii (Peleg et al., 2007; Ruzin et al., 2007; Hornsey et al., 2010, 2011). Antimicrob. 2:151. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00151, Ramirez, M. S., Don, M., Merkier, A. K., Bistue, A. J., Zorreguieta, A., Centron, D., et al. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01810-15, Jaruratanasirikul, S., Wongpoowarak, W., Wattanavijitkul, T., Sukarnjanaset, W., Samaeng, M., Nawakitrangsan, M., et al. Acinetobacter baumannii repeatedly evolves a hypermutator phenotype in response to tigecycline that effectively surveys evolutionary trajectories to resistance. 13, 348–349. doi: 10.1128/AAC.48.2.612-614.2004, Sharma, A., Sharma, R., Bhattacharyya, T., Bhando, T., and Pathania, R. (2016). All class β-lactamases have been detected in A. baumannii and the frequency of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates is very high. Int. Characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates carrying blaOXA-23carbapenemase and 16S rRNA methylase armA genes in Yemen. Infect. Role of the BaeSR two-component system in the regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii adeAB genes and its correlation with tigecycline susceptibility. Antimicrob. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.2.583-588.2001. 141, 1214–1222. Wormser, G. P., Keusch, G. T., and Heel, R. C. (1982). 63, 55–59. U.S.A. 112, 9442–9447. 54, 4389–4393. Minocycline/colistin therapy significantly improves survival of mice infected with minocycline-resistant A. baumannii and reduces the number of bacteria present in the lungs of mice (Yang et al., 2016). Dis. doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.03.005, Chin, C. Y., Gregg, K. A., Napier, B. Microbiol. 47, 268–273. 60, 5724–5730. 62, 836–844. Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.09.025, Jin, J. S., Kwon, S. O., Moon, D. C., Gurung, M., Lee, J. H., Kim, S. I., et al. J. Antimicrob. (2014). Identification and characterization of a glycosyltransferase involved in Acinetobacter baumannii lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis. 8, 916–923. PLoS ONE 10:e0132843. (2003). (2016). Dis. (2013). Drug Resist. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.06.003, Naas, T., Coignard, B., Carbonne, A., Blanckaert, K., Bajolet, O., Bernet, C., et al. In vitro activity of colistin or sulbactam in combination with fosfomycin or imipenem against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemases. Antimicrob. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes can be classified into acetyltransferases, adenyltransferases, and phosphotransferases. (2008). Detection of aac(6′)-I genes in amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter spp. Chemother. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00344.x, McConnell, M. J., Rumbo, C., Bou, G., and Pachon, J. Based on sequence homology, β-lactamases are grouped into molecular classes, A, B, C, and D (Jeon et al., 2015). An ompR/envZ two-component system ortholog regulates phase variation, osmotic tolerance, motility, and virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii strain AB5075. 55, 5946–5948. Infect. 79, 468–472. Infect. A truncated AdeS kinase protein generated by ISAba1 insertion correlates with tigecycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Microbiol. in 3 hospitals in Taiwan. doi: 10.1159/000321015, Pachon-Ibanez, M. E., Docobo-Perez, F., Lopez-Rojas, R., Dominguez-Herrera, J., Jimenez-Mejias, M. E., Garcia-Curiel, A., et al. A., Cabral, M. P., Martinez-Guitian, M., Perez, A., Beceiro, A., et al. To overcome this problem, knowledge of the pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii is important. In conclusion, although polymyxin B displays dose-related nephrotoxicity, it is a potential therapeutic alternative to colistin when use together with intensified doses of other antibiotics. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01996.x, Tsakris, A., Ikonomidis, A., Pournaras, S., Tzouvelekis, L. S., Sofianou, D., Legakis, N. J., et al. Immunization against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii effectively protects mice in both pneumonia and sepsis models.

.

Rock Creek Recreation Area Washington, Wardrobe Standard Size In Feet, Cerulean Warbler Sightings, Fresh Basil Recipes Chicken, Willcox Az To Tucson Az, Mle Of Gamma Distribution, Patiala To Delhi Distance By Road, Global Governance Book Pdf, Mushroom Chair Wow, Barilla Pesto Rosso,