In particular, in the Netherlands the pest has been reported to be slowly spreading northeastwards, based on data from over 450 forest and landscape managers (Moraal, 2006), and climate change is suggested as a possible driver of the population increase of T. processionea (Moraal and Jagers op Akkerhius, 2011). Roversi PF, 2008. They travel in nose-to-tail processions (hence their name), often arrow-headed, with a leader followed by rows of several caterpillars abreast. Pascual JA, 1988. Stigter H; Romeijn G, 1992. Phytoma, 590:4-7. In the north, this species is present in the Netherlands and Germany, and the southern part of Poland and Ukraine (Groenen and Meurisse, 2012). Roskams, 2008. Field studies with synthetic sex attractant pheromone of the oak processionary, Thaumetopoea processionea (L.). Oak is its preferred food source, but the moth also eats the leaves of hazel, hornbeam, sweet chestnut, birch and beech. Lövgren R; Dalsved B, 2005. Copenhagen, Denmark: Lepidopterological Society. 58 (4), 226. http://www.pemberleybooks.com, Townsend M, 2009. Ecol. (Hirasti - Quercus spp. Groenen F, 2010. Tara Ecol. On observations of the larvae in Italy, Niccoli and Tiberi (1986) reported that the larvae remained gregarious during the feeding phase. Forest insects and climate change: long-term trends in herbivore damage. Knowledge of insect biology is key to understanding the efficacy of biocontrol and IPM control measures. (Freiland-Einsatz von Sexuallockstoffen des Eichen-Prozessionsspinners, Thaumetopoea processionea (L.), in einem Befallsgebiet in Sachsen-Anhalt.) ©Louis-Michel Nageleisen/Departement de la Santé des Forêts, France/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US. The number of oak processionary nests in all treated plots declined 2 months after treatment. Containment strategy in place to prevent spread from infected sites in London. (2013) looked at long-term data sets for defoliation by several forest insect pest species, including T. processionea, together with data sets on weather patterns in Hungary. Nematodes have also been investigated as a control measure against the oak processionary moth. In a later study, as well as reporting Trichogramma sp. This pest is not only present in Europe, but also in the Middle East. The common and scientific names of T. processionea refer to the behaviour of the larvae to form long processions. Oak processionary moth. media caption Experts warn oak processionary moths have been found beyond the M25 and will keep spreading. Ambio. In: Vrednaja i Poleznaja Fauna Bespozvonocnyh Moldavii. Avramenko ID; Prokopenko NI; Mezentsev AI; Kucheryavenko VI; Minya, http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/documents/processionary.pdf, http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/identificationimagesopm.pdf/$FILE/identificationimagesopm.pdf or www.forestry.gov.uk/planthealth, http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fcopmsurv08reppub.pdf/$FILE/fcopmsurv08reppub.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Les insectes nuisibles au pistacier en Iran. In Spain, adult emergence is recorded as being between 16:00 and 03:00 solar time, with the males generally emerging first (Pascual, 1988). The oak processionary moth is a species of moth with caterpillars that nest on oak trees. (Ernstige anafylactische reactie in samenhang met de bestrijding van de eikenprocessierups (Thaumetopoea processionea) in Noord-Brabant.) Some have suggested that the periodic outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar. Gomez Bustillo M R, 1978. Anim., Lucrari Prim. It was observed that the larvae do not feed or leave the nest during cold, rainy weather or during moulting. Martin JC; Bonneau X, 2006. Studies have also been carried out on internal factors that could prove useful when assessing natural enemies for control of the pest populations e.g. Kishinev, USSR: Izdatel'stvo Kartja Moldovenjaske, 29-41. (Insectes defoliatuers Quercus callyprinos Webb. Monitoring populations is a fundamental tool used in the management of insect populations, because the timing of treatment is crucial to efficacy. In the last 12 months some 60 incidents of oak processionary moth have been reported inside Britain’s protected zone, compared to just one in the previous year. Zashchita Rastenii, 16(5):42. (Ueber den Pinienprozessionsspinner und über die Gefährlichkeit seiner Raupenhaare (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.).) The emerged larvae feed on the buds and later on the leaves, feeding from the top of the tree, downwards (Logoida and Besheni, 1966). Studii si Cercetari Institutului de Cercetari forestiera, 22B:69-90. Gozdarski Vestnik. The oak processionary moth is a species of moth with caterpillars that nest on oak trees. The larvae from the third to sixth instar, develop poisonous hairs (setae), which are filled with urticating toxin. 134 (1/2), 33-43. http://www.sef.nu/. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. Entomologische Berichten, 70(3):77-82. http://www.nev.nl, Groenen F; Meurisse N, 2012. The eggs, larvae and/or pupae of this pest could be accidentally introduced to new areas on material used for planting. Field guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland., Hook, UK: British Wildlife Publishing. Nematodes have also been investigated as a control measure against the oak processionary moth. First, maps of present and future potential pest distribution are produced using the Maxent model (Phillips et al ., 2006; Phillips & Dudík, 2008; Elith et al ., 2011), with insect pest occurrences and a set of 19 bioclimatic variables representing present and future climate conditions as input. There are two species from the genus Thaumetopoea: Thaumetopoea processionea (Linneaus, 1758) and the Levantine Thaumetopoea solitaria (Freyer, 1838). Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. Halperin J, Sauter W, 1999. 64 (5/6), 253-268. http://www.dendro.bf.uni-lj.si/gozdv.html, Klapwijk M J, Csóka G, Hirka A, Björkman C, 2013. According to the PRA for this pest (Evans, 2007), there are four possible pathways of introduction of this pest into an area: on plants used for planting the hosts of T. processionea; cut branches of host plants, although Evans (2007) suggests that trade in this plant part is unlikely; roundwood of oak with bark present; and natural spread. Noveshie dostizheniya lesno entomologii (po materialam USh s"ezda VEO, Vil'nyus, 9-13 oktyabrya 1979 g.) Institut Zoologii i Parazitologii Akademii Nauk Litovsko SSR Vilnius USSR, 4-6, Barth M, 2013. Julius-Kühn-Archiv [Ökologische Schäden, gesundheitliche Gefahren und Massnahmen zur Eindämmung des Eichenprozessionsspinners im Forst und und im urbanen Grün, Berlin, Germany, 6-7 March, 2012. In the study in Ukraine adults emerged at the end of July and the beginning of August (Logoida and Besheni, 1966). The genus from which this pest comes from can be separated from other genera by the different form of the canthus (Groenen, 2010). Redia, 69:285-297. (Zunehmende Probleme mit dem Eichenprozessionsspinner in Ostösterreich.). Similarly, observations in the 1950s-60s in Ukraine showed that eggs hatched towards the 20th April, during bud-burst on early-leafing trees (Logoida and Besheni, 1966). Monitoring and surveillance (incl. Mowing a lawn can bring a person into contact with these hairs. Their pattern of tan, brown and white make the adults difficult to see against oak bark. Forest Pathology, 32(4/5):277-307. The moths pose an increasing nuisance to humans as their range is extended. Revue de Pathologie Vegetale. Roversi PF; Boretti R; Merendi GA; Bartolozzi L; Toccafondi P, 1997. In the southern countries of Europe the populations are controlled by natural predators, but these predators are not present in northern Europe. Krehan H, 1993. Gottschling S; Meyer S, 2006. Et de Quercus infectoria Olv. Teodorescu I; Simionescu A, 1994. ©Gyorgy Csoka/Hungary Forest Research/Institute, Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US. Areas treated with Btk showed over 60% larval mortality compared to less than 40% in the control area 5 days after treatment. Fankhanel, 1958; Dissescu and Ceianu, 1968; Bin and Tiberi, 1983; Tiberi and Bin, 1988; Zeegers, 1997; Hoch et al., 2008), which is a key consideration when determining the efficacy of natural suppression in the wild and/or the potential efficacy of biocontrol methods. Entomologische Berichten. The community of larvae can be mechanically divided, but only via disruption of the procession. T. processionea is present in almost all European countries and also in parts of the Middle East, including Israel, Lebanon and Jordan (Groenen, 2010; Groenen and Meurisse, 2012). Status: Click 'back' in your web browser to return to previous page. Tachinidae) on Galleria mellonella L. (Lep. (Processionaria della quercia: danni e criteri di controllo.) Tachinid flies from T. processionea were surveyed in the Netherlands (Zeegers, 1997). 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