1996. The results clearly show the correction applied by the sun angle, which make brighter the top right, and darker the bottom left. 18) The Base of the Histogram - .008 is shown in the steps below. An advantage of NDVI is that it is the most researched and well-documented. The 169 value should be considered erroneous and ignored. The minimum value here is 169. The extent of a wildfire is mapped with the Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) which is as follows (in surface reflectance): (For Landsat 5, 7, and 8 use Band 7 SWIR; for Sentinel-2, use Band 8a NIR and Band 12 SWIR). NDSI is as follows (in surface reflectance): (For Landsat 4, 5, and 7; and 5 use Band 5 SWIR. About Landsat & Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance. You can explore the differences between top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and surface reflectance imagery in Descartes Labs Viewer. The main advantage of TOA reflectance is that it can be more easily compared to reflectance spectra archived by the USGS and others. Please read prior to downloading: The downloaded compressed file name for the Composite Bands file starts with the number "0", band 1-9 files start with the band number, while band 10-12 files start will "B", then the band number (this was a way to have files ordered by band number on this page). The extent of snow can be mapped with the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) (Dozier, 1989). Second, TOA reflectance compensates for different values of the solar irradiance arising from spectral band differences. THIS STEP IS VITAL. Chavez (1988) suggested that continual relative scatter could be applied. Per Chavez (1988), scatter values should have a power relationship (shown below) between band center wavelength and amount of scatter (as the calculators and lookup tables on this website do). Other Surface Reflectance Guides: Sentinel-2 w/ArcGIS  Landsat 8 w/ArcGIS  Landsat 8 w/FreeQGIS, FOR A LESS DETAILED TUTORIAL use: Simplified Sentinel-2 Conversion to Surface Reflectance Steps. This example code uses the descarteslabs.scenes API. In this composition we decided to combine multiple bands to obtain more natural colors: In this RGB composition we see that the reflectance conversion corrects the excessive blue intensity on the radiance, due to the solar irradiance division. 1) Download the Sentinel-2 B4 (red) image from above by clicking on it. The only remark is the Sun Zenith angle variable structure: it is a single 2D array which have the nadir view and the oblique view placed next to each other, so you need to do some math to place each SZA on the radiance grid. It needs some more lines of code but the user can modulate the contrast with that. Fortunately, even with all the atmospheric radiation paths and interactions, a relatively simple image-based method to calculate surface reflectance quite accurately was developed, the Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) COST method, (Chavez, 1996; opens to tutorial on this website). It that can be computed from satellite measured spectral radiance using the mean solar spectral irradiance and the solar zenith angle. Also keep in mind that QGIS histogram processing results in frequencies that are generalized based on the algorithm - you can see the the bins do not precisely correspond to the actual values in attribute table. Chavez (1988) calculated the scatter amount by establishing a base of the Landsat TM histogram  (which is considered the Dark Object and is not necessarily the lowest value); the reflectance corresponding to the base was established as the scatter reflectance amount that should be subtracted (Dark Object Subtraction [DOS]). If you have ArcGIS software, you can use the tutorial for ArcGIS software (applies to any GIS software that can produce a raster attribute table). Scatter is based on the low end (or base) of the histogram. Almost. 12) Click Histogram on the left to view the image histogram. Path 2 can also include Mie scatter (which can includes haze) and is the scattering of light by particles with a similar size to the light wavelengths; Mie results in more larger wavelength scatter than Rayleigh. The theory behind DOS atmospheric correction is that in a satellite image scene with tens of millions of pixel (which satellite imagery commonly has; Landsat has about 40 million), there should be some pixels that have zero reflectance (in visible and NIR bands); the reason there is not, is due to atmospheric scattering erroneously increasing reflectance values (mainly caused Path 2 radiance above). 8) You need to determine the scatter amount in the process of converting to surface reflectance (will be explained more later). This generic atmospheric correction makes it easier to fuse images from multiple sources and over time. Your email address will not be published. For these reasons, we recommend to always filter by confidence_dlsr when working with surface reflectance. The reflectance is expected to go from zero to one, anyway this is not always true, especially over clouds. IMAGERY BACKGROUND & TUTORIAL IMAGERY DOWNLOADS, (Tutorial starts below downloads; more band information is included at bottom of page). Cited at: https://earth.esa.int/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-2-msi/resolutions/spatial. (DOS does not consider secondary scattering into shadowed areas [Chavez, 1996]). An advantage of WDRI is that it tends to more equally weight red and NIR surface reflectance. Follow this Viewer link for preconfigured layers that compare Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 imagery. 20) The Raster Calculator will open. We highly recommend the red band as the starting scatter band to base relative scatter on (especially if you are using the red band in an index with NIR). This example shows a statistical tail in a QGIS histogram after the proper processing (histogram processing is described in the Tutorial above; remember the QGIS histogram does not show every low value as the ArcGIS histogram does). It is recommended to use the bar histogram. Then click Prefs/Actions and uncheck Draw as lines. You can already see the results of this processing, anyway you may notice that for a better results it is necessary to apply some filter to make it looks nicer. Now we visualize a mosaic for each of the two products at top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface reflectance, by using the processing_level argument: The unique geographical feature in the center of these images is White Sands, a gypsum desert in New Mexico. This excludes scenes for which surface reflectance version is not available. NDVI is a measure of surface reflectance and gives a quantitative estimation of vegetation growth and biomass (Wu, Li, Wang, & Yan, 2016).Plants and their roots affect the soil physical properties, such as infiltration rate, aggregate stability, moisture content, and shear strength, which play a significant role in soil conservation (Gyssels, Poesen, Bochet, & Li, 2005).

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