[130] The title princeps senatus originally meant the member of the Senate with the highest precedence,[131] but in the case of Augustus, it became an almost regnal title for a leader who was first in charge. [198], After the death of Marcellus in 23 BC, Augustus married his daughter to Agrippa. This region proved to be a major asset in funding Augustus's future military campaigns, as it was rich in mineral deposits that could be fostered in Roman mining projects, especially the very rich gold deposits at Las Medulas. [91], Octavian and Lepidus launched a joint operation against Sextus in Sicily in 36 BC. )[205][206], After the early deaths of both Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4, where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew Germanicus. Augustus's body was coffin-bound and cremated on a pyre close to his mausoleum. Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, served as empress of Russia for more than three decades in the late 18th century after overthrowing her husband, Peter III. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus," 1 (J. C. Rolfe, Translator). [153], Such orders, had they been given, would have been considered a breach of the Senate's prerogative under the Constitutional settlement of 27 BC and its aftermath—i.e., before Augustus was granted imperium proconsulare maius—as Macedonia was a Senatorial province under the Senate's jurisdiction, not an imperial province under the authority of Augustus. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as de facto dictators. [124][125], The provinces ceded to Augustus for that ten-year period comprised much of the conquered Roman world, including all of Hispania and Gaul, Syria, Cilicia, Cyprus, and Egypt. He had delayed his baptism — a common practice at the time — but now underwent the rite. [13] He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum. Cassius Dio defended Octavian as trying to spare as many as possible, whereas Antony and Lepidus, being older and involved in politics longer, had many more enemies to deal with. Son and heir of Septimius Severus, ruled jointly with his brother, Son and heir of Septimius Severus, ruled jointly with his brother, Caracalla, Son of Macrinus, named emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of, Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla, grandnephew of Septimius Severus, proclaimed emperor by the army, in opposition to Macrinus, 203 or 204 – 11 March 222 (aged around 18), Cousin and adopted heir of Elagabalus, grandnephew of Septimius Severus, proclaimed emperor by the troops, Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of Severus Alexander, Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of his son, Gordian II, Proclaimed emperor alongside father Gordian I, during revolt in Africa against Maximinus, Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard, Proclaimed emperor jointly with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus, Grandson of Gordian I, appointed as heir by Pupienus and Balbinus, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor, 20 January 225 – c. February 244 (aged 19), Son of Philip the Arab, named co-emperor in 247, Son and heir of Decius, accepted as emperor by, Probably died of the plague, possibly killed by Trebonianus Gallus, Proclaimed emperor by the army after Decius's death, Son of Trebonianus Gallus, appointed joint emperor, September 253 – c. September 268 (15 years), Brother of Claudius Gothicus, proclaimed emperor after his death, Committed suicide or killed at the behest of Aurelian, Supreme commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius's death, in opposition to Quintillus, 9 September 214 – c. October 275 (aged 61), Died of an illness or killed by his own troops, Likely half-brother of Tacitus, proclaimed emperor by the troops after Tacitus's death, Murdered by his own troops, in favour of Probus, Proclaimed emperor by eastern legions, in opposition to, 19 August 232 – c. September 282 (aged 50), Praetorian prefect to Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder, Eldest son of Carus, who appointed him joint emperor, Probably died in battle against Diocletian, likely betrayed by his men, Younger son and heir of Carus, reigned jointly with his older brother, Carinus, Died during army march to Europe, probably of disease, possibly assassinated, Proclaimed emperor by army after death of, 22 December 244 – 3 December 311 (aged 66), 1 April 286 – 1 May 305; Late 306 - 11 November 308, Son of Constantius I, proclaimed emperor by his father's troops. To fill this power vacuum, the Senate voted that Augustus's imperium proconsulare maius (superior proconsular power) should not lapse when he was inside the city walls. [124][126] Moreover, command of these provinces provided Octavian with control over the majority of Rome's legions. [36][37][38] Historians usually refer to the new Caesar as Octavian during the time between his adoption and his assumption of the name Augustus in 27 BC in order to avoid confusing the dead dictator with his heir. [137] This was a clever ploy by Augustus; ceasing to serve as one of two annually elected consuls allowed aspiring senators a better chance to attain the consular position, while allowing Augustus to exercise wider patronage within the senatorial class. Antony fell on his own sword and was taken by his soldiers back to Alexandria where he died in Cleopatra's arms. [234] Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 BC, for instance), matters might have turned out differently. He soon used his power to address the status of Christians, issuing the Edict of Milan in 313. [240] The 3rd-century historian Cassius Dio acknowledged Augustus as a benign, moderate ruler, yet like most other historians after the death of Augustus, Dio viewed Augustus as an autocrat. [82], There was widespread dissatisfaction with Octavian over these settlements of his soldiers, and this encouraged many to rally at the side of Lucius Antonius, who was brother of Mark Antony and supported by a majority in the Senate. The Empire was considered by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only legal successor of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages and the early modern period.

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